Idel-Ural State
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Idel-Ural State ادیل-اورال Идел-Урал | |||||||||||||||||
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| 1–28 March 1918 | |||||||||||||||||
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 Claimed borders of Idel-Ural | |||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Ufa | ||||||||||||||||
| Common languages | Tatar, Russian | ||||||||||||||||
| Government | Republic[1] | ||||||||||||||||
| President | |||||||||||||||||
• 1918 | Sadrí Maqsudí Arsal[2] | ||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Russian Civil War | ||||||||||||||||
• Proclamation | 1 March 1918 | ||||||||||||||||
• Government in-exile | 1918 | ||||||||||||||||
• Defeat by Red Army | 28 March 1918 | ||||||||||||||||
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| History of Tatarstan |
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The Idel-Ural State (Tatar: Идел-Урал өлкәсе,[citation needed] İdel-Ural ölkäse, ادیل-اورال اولكسی, also İdel-Ural berlege İdel-Ural ştatı), also known as the Volga-Ural State or Idel-Ural Republic,[3] was an short-lasting autonomy of Tatar peoples that claimed to unite Tatars, Bashkirs, and the Chuvash in the turmoil of the Russian Civil War. The republic was proclaimed on 1 March 1918, by a Congress of Muslims from Russia's interior and Siberia, but defeated by Bolsheviks the same month.[4] Idel-Ural means "Volga-Ural" in the Tatar language.
History
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During the Russian Revolution, various regional political leaders convened in June 1917 in Kazan. The group declared the autonomy of "Muslim Turk-Tatars of Inner Russia and Siberia". Later on, in Ufa, a parliament named the Millät Mäclese (National Council) was created, in which a draft for the creation of the state would be pushed through and accepted on 29 November 1917 following the Second All-Russia Muslim Congress. However, the Idel-Ural State was met with opposition from Zeki Velidi Togan, a Bashkir revolutionary, who declared the autonomy of Bashkiria, as well as from the Bolsheviks, who had initially supported the creation of Idel-Ural but two months after denounced it as bourgeois nationalism[6][7]: 105 and declared the creation of the Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Republic, with around the same borders as Idel-Ural. This struggle between three different movements weakened the Idel-Ural State.[8]
Members of the Tatar-Bashkir Committee of Idel-Ural based outside of Russia such as Ayaz İshaki participated in an anti-Bolshevik propaganda war. Some also joined the Prometey group, a circle of anti-Soviet Muslim intellectuals based in Warsaw.[7]: 100 The idea of Idel-Ural by its supporting nationalists included the territory of modern-day Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and most of Orenburg Oblast. The nationalists also wished for expansion towards the Caspian Sea. In January 1918, the Millät Mäclese adopted a constitution written by Galimzian Sharaf, Ilias and Jangir Alkin, Osman Tokumbetov and Y. Muzaffarov.
The Millät Mäclese looked to declare the creation of Idel-Ural on 1 March 1918, a plan which never came to fruition due to Bolshevik arrests of deputies of the Millät Mäclese and their official declaration of the Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Socialist Republic.[7]: 105 After the arrested deputies were freed, they reconvened in the Tatar part of Kazan beyond the Bolaq stream (hence in Soviet historiography it was called "Transbolaq Republic" (Забулачная республика)[9]). The Republic, which in reality included only some sections of Kazan and Ufa, was defeated by the Red Army on 28 March 1918.[9][10][11] Its parliament disbanded in April.[8]
The president of Idel-Ural, Sadrí Maqsudí Arsal, escaped to Finland in 1918. He was well received by the Finnish foreign minister Carl Enckell, who remembered his valiant defence of the national self-determination and constitutional rights of Finland in the Russian Duma.[citation needed] The president-in-exile also met officials from Estonia before continuing in 1919 to Sweden, Germany and France, in a quest for Western support. Idel-Ural was listed among the "Captive Nations" in the Cold War-era public law (1959) of the United States.[12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Рожденный революцией. Татарскому парламенту исполнилось 100 лет". RFE/RL. 30 November 2017.
- ^ "Почему не удалось построить Идель-Уральскую республику". RFE/RL. 4 August 2018.
- ^ "Почему не удалось построить Идель-Уральскую республику". RFE/RL (in Russian). 4 August 2018. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
- ^ "Почему не удалось построить Идель-Уральскую республику". RFE/RL (in Russian). 4 August 2018. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
- ^ "Милләт Мәҗлесен ачу тантанасы". Азатлык Радиосы (in Tatar). 9 January 2012. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
- ^ IZMAIL I. SHARIFZHANOV (2007). "The parliament of Tatarstan, 1990–2005: vain hopes, or the Russian way towards parliamentary democracy in a regional dimension." Parliaments, Estates and Representation, 27:1, 239–250, DOI: 10.1080/02606755.2"007.9522264
- ^ a b c Yemelianova G.M. (2002) "Muslims under Soviet Rule: 1917–91." In: Russia and Islam. Studies in Russian and East European History and Society. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288102_4
- ^ a b Devlet, Nadir. "A struggle for independence in the Russian Federation: the case of the Tatars." In: CEMOTI, n°16, 1993. Istanbul – Oulan Bator: autonomisation, mouvements identitaires et construction du politique. pp. 63–82. Accessed 13 April 2021. https://doi.org/10.3406/cemot.1993.1052
- ^ a b "Забулачная республика – взгляд через 85 лет". Казанские истории (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-12-25.
- ^ Commissar and Mullah: Soviet-Muslim Policy from 1917 to 1924, Glenn L. Roberts, Universal-Publishers, 2007, p.178
- ^ The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations, Olivier Roy, I.B.Tauris, 2000, p.44
- ^ Campbell, John Coert (1965). American Policy Toward Communist Eastern Europe: the Choices Ahead. University of Minnesota Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-8166-0345-6.
Further reading
[edit]- Indus Tagirov:
- «Очерки истории Татарстана и татарского народа», Tatar Book Publishers, 1999
- «История национальной государственности татарского народа и Татарстана», Tatar Book Publishers 2008
- Alter Litvin, «Казань: время гражданской войны», 1991